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NEVER MIX LANGUAGES

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Just as we cannot watch two different television channels at the same time, we should not mix languages indiscriminately. When speaking Spanish, pretend it is the only language at your command. If you are talking to a Mexican, for instance, she should have no reason to guess—or even suspect—that you speak English. To me, this is true bilingualism. Never take the easy way out and dip into English simply because you cannot immediately find the Spanish expression you need. Keep your languages at bay and adhere to my made-up motto: “A place for every language and every language in its place.” Keep a tight rein on your linguistic “crutches” and fillers in both languages. They can be a dead giveaway of the language—or even the cultures—you have acquired. Pretend you are a spy speaking English: you cannot give yourself away by suddenly introducing Spanish into your speech. And vice versa. A now-deceased neighbor of mine in Pittsburgh used to drive me to despair by switching from one language ...

FROM MY ENGLISH-SPANISH PHRASEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY: KEY

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  A golden key will open any door  Dádivas quebrantan peñas Give him some money and he will do it; remember that a golden key will open any door. Dale un dinero y lo hará; recuerda que dádivas quebrantan peñas. — “A golden key will open every lock.” Bem Le Hunte, There, Where the Pepper Grows , 2006. US. Be all keyed up  Estar hecho un manojo de nervios; tener los nervios de punta I’m all keyed up today.  Estoy hecho un manojo de nervios hoy. — “… the little kids zooming around, all keyed up for Santa.” The Southern Review , vol. 54, no. 1, 2019. US.

BESIDE OR BESIDES THE POINT?

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 I venture to propose that in all languages, speakers doubt and hesitate about usage. This is normal, but it is our responsibility to be alert and learn the right way to use grammar, vocabulary, and phraseology. I remember a friend saying in Spanish le echaron con quejas destempladas , instead of the correct cajas destempladas . Of course, cajas destempladas makes no sense, but it is the correct form of the idiomatic expression. Today I was torn between beside the point and besides the point . So I checked. The Spanish venir o no venir a cuento (al caso) has the English equivalent be beside the point . William L. Miller, in his Media and Voters (1991), writes: “Whether Congress and the President behave in accordance with the spirit of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights is beside the point.” In case of doubt, check it out. There is usually a reason behind our linguistic misgivings.

IT'S A LONG LANE THAT HAS NO TURNING

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It's a Long Lane that Has no Turning Some proverbs are worth keeping in your back pocket for difficult times. This is one of them. “It’s a long lane that has no turning.” The image is simple: a lane that seems endless, with no bend in sight. But every lane turns eventually. The proverb means that a difficult situation will eventually change. Spanish has several ways of expressing the same idea: No hay mal que cien años dure. No misfortune lasts a hundred years. No hay bien ni mal que cien años dure (ni gitano que lo aguante). The longer version adds a touch of humor: neither good nor bad lasts a hundred years, nor could anyone stand it for so long. No hay calleja sin revuelta. There is no little street without a bend. This is perhaps the closest equivalent to the English proverb. Siempre que ha llovido, ha parado. Whenever it has rained, it has stopped. The images are different, but the message is the same: difficult times do not last forever. I particularly like no hay bien n...

PURO Y DURO: UN CLICHÉ CON SOLERA.

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El cliché puro y duro , que significa recalcitrante, obstinado, sin paliativos, en estado puro, y cuyos equivalentes aproximados en inglés serían hardcore o die-hard , está documentado al menos desde 1807, aunque es a partir de los años ochenta del siglo XX cuando comienza a generalizarse. Pilar Valera ha escrito, cómo no, un libro titulado Amor puro y duro . Iván de la Torre le da una nueva vuelta: «La única y cierta terapia contra la inacción y la desidia es el enfrentamiento duro y puro...» Tenemos además citaciones de Luis María Anson, Javier Cercas y de la prensa, donde encontramos abundantes ejemplos de este recurso expresivo: lenguaje «puro y duro», como escribe Santos Sanz Villanueva en El Cultural (20/5/2004): «... y hace una narración de pensamiento pura y dura». Pudiera ser un calco del francés pur et dur , pero no se puede atestiguar fehacientemente en francés antes de 1808, mientras que el castellano puro y duro ya está documentado en 1808. No aparece en el DRAE ni en M...

EL LIBRO ROJO DE MAO

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Las listas tienen mucho prestigio entre los ignorantes. Hay listas de los mejores restaurantes, de las películas más taquilleras, de las mujeres más guapas y... de los libros más leídos. Hoy, por casualidad, me he topado con una de esas listas en Internet que me ha llamado la atención: los tres libros más leídos de la historia. El primero era la Biblia . El segundo, El libro rojo de Mao . ¿ El libro rojo de Mao es el segundo libro más leído del mundo? Recuerdo que en mi juventud, hace ya muchos años, circulaba en traducción al castellano entre los jóvenes progres. Era un librito pequeño, de tapas rojas —cómo no—, recopilado por el entonces dictador de China, Mao Zedong. Nunca lo abrí y nunca tuve curiosidad por hacerlo. Yo pensaba que un dictador responsable de la muerte de millones de personas poco podía decirme que influyese afirmativamente en mi vida. Tampoco he leído Mein Kampf , de Adolf Hitler, otro personaje entregado a la sangre y a la destrucción. De estos libros, sus respect...

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN SPANISH

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 Lately, I've noticed just how essential the subjunctive mood is in Spanish. Many learners achieve a good command of the language but get embroiled when expressing ideas that require the subjunctive and cannot be clearly expressed without it. Teachers sometimes tiptoe around this essential mood, which allows us to convey our thoughts with much greater precision. This post is simply to suggest that you emphasize the study of the subjuntivo rather than wave it aside as impractical. It is practical. Very much so.