LAS LENGUAS INGLESA Y ESPAÑOLA de Delfín Carbonell

In an earlier post I mentioned the usage of "aquí" and "acá", in European Spanish vs American Spanish. This summer a colleague of my daughter's, Violeta, originally from Perú, in a café terrace in Madrid, was bantering about "por la mañana" and "en la mañana". She kept correcting herself, pointing out the difference in the usage of the preposition. This is another giveaway as to where the speaker hails from. "En la noche oigo ruidos raros" will tell you the speaker is not from Spain because she would have said: "Por la noche oigo ruidos raros." Is this important? Only if you use either preposition and a "native", a local, corrects you. Do not argue. Never argue about questions grammatical with average native speaker. 

Languages solve communication problems in different ways. One area where English is remarkably efficient is in asking about degrees. Once we know that a quality exists, we can simply place how before the corresponding adjective or adverb to ask about its extent: How expensive was the car? How tall is Bob? How far is Barcelona from Madrid? How difficult was the exam? The same pattern works with an enormous range of adjectives, making it both simple and highly productive. Spanish, however, does not seem to have a single, equally general construction. Depending on the country, one may hear questions such as ¿Qué tan lejos está...? , ¿Qué tan rico es tu novio? , or the more formal ¿Cuán lejos está...? These are perfectly natural in some varieties of Spanish but uncommon or even odd in others. Rather than relying on one universal pattern, Spanish tends to express the same ideas through different constructions. For example, instead of asking How far is Barcelona from Madrid? , many spe...

No hace mucho cuando las lavadoras caseras, llamadas en inglés washing machines , tenían dos rodillos con los que se escurría ( wring ) el exceso de agua, una vez lavada la ropa y antes de ponerla a secar. Había que ir con cuidado para no pillarse los dedos. Y de esto nació la expresión inglesa Go (put) through the wringer que aún perdura aunque las lavadoras de las que hablo hace tiempo que desaparecieron.  “She may have had the voice of a young girl, but her tone suggested a middle-aged woman who’d been through the wringer a few times.” ( Azalea, 01/01/2018. US.) Pasarlas canutas, moradas, negras mal, tiene el equivalente inglés de go through the wringer .  

Allow me a personal note today. It is July, which for me is also a cruel month, mingling memory with the few remains of desire. It marks the departure of Laura, the bird who flies each year from San Francisco, perches in my soul, and sings sweet tunes that cheer my tired brain. Though I know the journey demands an effort, she unfailingly brings us joy and leaves us smiling. Now she returns to her school, to the pupils she loves, and to the hard work of being an example worth following. Godspeed, Laura. We shall be waiting for your yearly flight back, whose warmth lingers long after your wings have disappeared from sight.

I have sent off the finished MS of the third and last volume of my Literatura en lengua inglesa III , which covers Sinclair Lewis to J. K. Rowling, and deals with 72 authors who have used the English language to produce their literary work. Written in Spanish, it has extensive quotations in English. It reflects my literary journey since boyhood and my reaction to my readings, both at the university and on my own, as a teacher. In a few months, the book will be available. I will correct two sets of galley proofs and possibly make minor changes. 

 ChatGPT has recently allowed itself the luxury of correcting my usage of "pun" as a synonym of "retruécano." As I tend to make mistakes galore, I have decided to go to the sources, and the sources are monolingual dictionaries, not bilingual ones. Let us compare: Random House Webster's . PUN: The humorous use of a word or phrase so as to emphasize or suggest its different meanings or applications, or the use of words that are alike or nearly alike in sound but different in meaning; a play on words. Diccionario María Moliner. RETRUÉCANO: Chiste conseguido manejando palabras parónimas (de forma parecida y distinto significado).  MM does a better job at definition, concise and to the point. Is "retruécano" a good equivalent of "pun"?