LAS LENGUAS INGLESA Y ESPAÑOLA de Delfín Carbonell

 According to Etymonline, the word dude has been in the language since 1883, originally defined as a “fastidious man”. Today, in informal American slang, it refers to a man, guy, or person and is also used as a casual form of address. I had never heard this term until recently. I never heard it in daily life, at the university, or among my students. And then, suddenly, it came out of nowhere, popped up just like that, laughing at me. It is not part of my active vocabulary, just as bro is not. Again, according to Etymonline, bro has been attested since the 1660s as an abbreviation of brother and as a form of informal address among men. I never heard it in my youth, and it is certainly not part of my active vocabulary. I would never address anybody, friend or stranger, as dude or bro . Am I out of touch with linguistic reality? Are my social circles merely effete linguistic cliques in decline? Should I keep up to speed and introduce these two words into my active vocabulary? Or ...

No se puede acusar de malintencionado, de traidor, al que nos informa de sus intenciones de antemano, y por eso empleamos la frase  el que avisa no es traidor. He compilado las siguientes citaciones de uso:   — “No es mal enemigo el que avisa.” Alfonso Grosso, La zanja , 1961 . España. || “El que avisa no es traidor.” Juan García Hortelano, El gran momento de Mary Tribune , 1972 . España. || “… y el que avisa no es traidor…” Héctor Sánchez, El héroe de la familia , 1988 . Colombia. || “Como el que avisa no es traidor, les advierto que…”  ABC, 17/11/ 2004 . España. En inglés diremos:  Don’t blame me later , o  you have been warned.

Political parties, like other organizations, have a curious tendency to become more autocratic with time. Even parties that loudly condemn dictatorships are not necessarily immune to the temptation to keep their own members firmly in line. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, the PSOE, is a case in point. It has long been associated with the wonderfully evocative expression: El que se mueve no sale en la foto  - roughly, “Those who move do not appear in the photograph.” The meaning is clear enough: toe the party line, stay where you are, and you remain in the picture. Step out of line, dissent, or become politically inconvenient, and you may find yourself excluded from the official family portrait. This is hardly a new idea. English has the old expression move (or shuffle) your feet, lose your seat , while Spanish has el que va a Sevilla, pierde su silla . Neither is an exact equivalent, but all three convey the same rather unattractive principle: deviation from the expected posit...

Vestirse y hablar Supongo que hay toda una filosofía del vestir que viene de lejos, y una industria económica siempre cambiante que nos obliga a taparnos de maneras diferentes. El lenguaje, claro está, responde a esta necesidad social, y tenemos frases de toda índole para expresar la buena presencia de alguien. Decimos que David va hecho un pincel o un brazo de mar , o que se ha puesto de tiros largos . También decimos que va hecho un cromo , que se ha puesto guapo o que va muy puesto . Y hay más. Y probablemente habrá más, aunque, tal como observo a la gente por la calle, parece existir una tendencia —especialmente entre los hombres— a salir de cualquier manera, sin importarles demasiado el famoso qué dirán . La lengua inglesa no es manca, naturalmente, y también dispone de expresiones para describir lo bien vestida que va una persona: dressed (up) to the nines, dressed to kill, dressed to advantage, dressed to the teeth . Y, como siempre, incluyo citaciones fehacientes para atestig...

Estamos en plena canícula en Europa y las temperaturas han remontado de manera espectacular. Los antiguos romanos se referían a esta época del año refiriéndose a la constelación Canis Maior , Perro Mayor. En lengua inglesa se expresa igual: dog days , que significa the hottest and most uncomfortable days of the summer. Necesitamos guardarnos de las etimologías populares y de los despistados de siempre, que creen que los dog days se refieren a dificultades. Barbara Kingsolver, en su novela Demon Copperhead (2022), dice, por boca de un personaje juvenil:  “August they call the dog days, due to animals losing their minds in the heat.” Refuerza lo de la folk etymology de siempre.

Una acción repetitiva y con frecuencia rutinaria se expresa en inglés como Lather, rinse, and repeat o simplemente rinse and repeat, que proviene de las instrucciones de uso de un champú que aconsejaban enjabonar, enjuagar y… volver a empezar. Por ejemplo:  Every day I turn my computer on, answer e-mails, talk to my boss… lather, rinse, and repeat the next day.  Todos los días enciendo el ordenador, contesto el correo electrónico, hablo con mi jefe… y vuelta a empezar al día siguiente. Abajo transcribo una citación de 2024: — “When Biden’s administration intones the same non-solution that has been on rinse-and-repeat for half a century…” Washington Examiner, January 25, 2024. US.

I have always held—don’t ask me why—that human beings do not change. This is a pessimistic view, I know, but experience has taught me to be rather dim about people’s characters, including my own. It so happens that language agrees with me. Our languages have preserved, for centuries, some wonderfully unflattering observations about human nature. Take the English saying: You can take the boy out of the country, but you can’t take the country out of the boy. In other words, habits, beliefs, and ways of thinking die hard; we may change our surroundings, but we do not necessarily change ourselves. Spanish comes to my aid with an even older saying: Muchos entran en la corte y no la corte en ellos. Many enter the court, but the court does not enter them. The meaning is much the same: people may enter a new environment without allowing that environment to alter their essential nature. I have found these citations: — “You can take the boy out of the country, she thought, but…” Fantasy and Sc...

  Como todo cambia, y la influencia de las maneras norteamericanas  tiene tanto peso en el Reino Unido, ahora un billón  es, como en los Estados Unidos, mil millones (1,000,000,000) y no un millón de millones (1,000,000,000,000) como en España. Hay que ir con cuidado porque hay muchos millones en juego, y debemos tener en cuenta la fecha. Todo induce a error.   Los plurales son 2 billion , 4 billion, sin /s/. Si no lleva cifra, billions : This bank owes billions .

  Fecha de nacimiento puede ser date of birth o birthdate. Sin embargo birthday es el aniversario del nacimiento, o cumpleaños. Y podemos desear: Happy birthday to you o mejor: Many happy returns of the day , que es un deseo más amplio. Lugar de nacimiento: place of birth o birthplace . A birth certificate es un certificado de nacimiento. By birth de nacimiento: He is a New Yorker by birth , es neoyorquino de nacimiento. He is a Spaniard by birth , es español de nacimiento. Y como en castellano se dice: Es tonto de nacimiento, en inglés hay que expresarlo así: He’s a born fool.

  Between, entre, se emplea con dos, among con tres, o más: There’s a thief among us , indica que somos más de dos.   Pero esto está cambiando y ya oímos y leemos  between en vez de among cuando se refiere a más de dos personas. Me temo que among acabará desapareciendo, pero yo me mantengo en mis trece y seguiré la gramática de siempre porque you cannot teach an old dog new tricks , que en castellano resulta como loro viejo no aprende a hablar  a pesar de que el Newspeak se está implantando a marchas forzadas. 

Katie (Katy) bar the door es una expresión norteamericana que nos advierte de que algo posiblemente peligroso o desagradable puede acontecer. Por ejemplo: I f Trump is reelected, it's Katie, bar the door que podríamos traducir al castellano como Si Trump es reelegido, Dios nos coja confesados (o agárrate que vienen curvas; o oído al parche .) Como siempre, adjunto debajo citaciones que demuestran que la expresión se emplea.   — “If you showed any weakness or a lack of knowledge, Katie, bar the door.” Magazine Salon (COCA), 2018. US. || “If we start industrializing the coastline on the shores of Lake Superior, Katy, bar the door…” The Washington Post, August 27, 2024. US. || “That first hit was coming on already, so it was Katie bar the door.” New Yorker, 1/15/2018. US.

When in English we say that someone is comparing apples and oranges, we mean that the comparison makes no sense and that they are talking nonsense, or talking through their hat. Spanish in this sense is very colorful and we will say that someone confunde  la gimnasia con la magnesia (la velocidad con el tocino, churras con merinas, jabón con hilo negro, el culo con las témporas) . You will truly impress your listeners, so give it a try. Pensar que un Ferrari es como un Ford es confundir la gimnasia con la magnesia To think a Ferrari is like a Ford is like comparing apples and oranges — “No hay que confundir la gimnasia con la magnesia.” La Vanguardia, 13/02/1994. Esp. || “… son ganas de confundir la velocidad con el tocino.” La Razón, 02/09/2002. Esp. 

  Jack Handey (1949-), the popular humorist, gives us a wonderful piece of advice in his book  Deep Thoughts : “When life gives you lemons, make lemonade, pee in it, and serve it to the people that piss you off.” 

       You probably know by now that love is funny. When we fall in love, we are so dizzy, so completely on cloud nine, that we forget the object of our affection does not exist in isolation. They come with family, friends, pets, colleagues—in short, a whole social world.      Languages have long recognized this and remind us with proverbs. In English we say, Love me, love my dog. If you love me, you must also love my dog, my family, my friends—the whole kit and caboodle.      Castilian Spanish has a similar saying: Quien bien quiere a Beltrán, bien quiere a su can. If you love Beltrán, you must also accept his dog—and, by extension, his family, his friends, and all the rest. I'm not making this up. Here are a few examples: — "Love me, love my dog. If you want to be friendly with me, you must be friendly with my dog—and with my companions." A. Johnson, Common English Proverbs (1958, UK). — "Love me, love my dog." Gettysburg Review ,...

Languages solve communication problems in different ways. One area where English is remarkably efficient is in asking about degrees. Once we know that a quality exists, we can simply place how before the corresponding adjective or adverb to ask about its extent: How expensive was the car? How tall is Bob? How far is Barcelona from Madrid? How difficult was the exam? The same pattern works with an enormous range of adjectives, making it both simple and highly productive. Spanish, however, does not seem to have a single, equally general construction. Depending on the country, one may hear questions such as ¿Qué tan lejos está...? , ¿Qué tan rico es tu novio? , or the more formal ¿Cuán lejos está...? These are perfectly natural in some varieties of Spanish but uncommon or even odd in others. Rather than relying on one universal pattern, Spanish tends to express the same ideas through different constructions. For example, instead of asking How far is Barcelona from Madrid? , many spe...

No hace mucho cuando las lavadoras caseras, llamadas en inglés washing machines , tenían dos rodillos con los que se escurría ( wring ) el exceso de agua, una vez lavada la ropa y antes de ponerla a secar. Había que ir con cuidado para no pillarse los dedos. Y de esto nació la expresión inglesa Go (put) through the wringer que aún perdura aunque las lavadoras de las que hablo hace tiempo que desaparecieron.  “She may have had the voice of a young girl, but her tone suggested a middle-aged woman who’d been through the wringer a few times.” ( Azalea, 01/01/2018. US.) Pasarlas canutas, moradas, negras mal, tiene el equivalente inglés de go through the wringer .  

I have sent off the finished MS of the third and last volume of my Literatura en lengua inglesa III , which covers Sinclair Lewis to J. K. Rowling, and deals with 72 authors who have used the English language to produce their literary work. Written in Spanish, it has extensive quotations in English. It reflects my literary journey since boyhood and my reaction to my readings, both at the university and on my own, as a teacher. In a few months, the book will be available. I will correct two sets of galley proofs and possibly make minor changes. 

 ChatGPT has recently allowed itself the luxury of correcting my usage of "pun" as a synonym of "retruécano." As I tend to make mistakes galore, I have decided to go to the sources, and the sources are monolingual dictionaries, not bilingual ones. Let us compare: Random House Webster's . PUN: The humorous use of a word or phrase so as to emphasize or suggest its different meanings or applications, or the use of words that are alike or nearly alike in sound but different in meaning; a play on words. Diccionario María Moliner. RETRUÉCANO: Chiste conseguido manejando palabras parónimas (de forma parecida y distinto significado).  MM does a better job at definition, concise and to the point. Is "retruécano" a good equivalent of "pun"?

 Decía Rabelais que "le rire est le propre de l'homme" y cito de memoria, y además creo que deberíamos reírnos más y más a menudo. Y en contra de lo que se piensa, los británicos también se ríen, y prueba de ello es que tienen muchas maneras de expresarlo. Veamos y aprendamos: Laugh one’s head off (kill oneself laughing, laugh oneself silly, die laughing, laugh like a drain, split one’s sides laughing, bust out laughing, have them rolling in the aisles) Partirse (troncharse, morirse, mondarse, desternillarse, revolcarse) de risa, reír a mandíbula batiente I laughed my head off listening to Benny Hill Me tronchaba de risa escuchando a Benny Hill — “The lady almost busted out laughing.” Obamaconspiracy.org, 10/2012. US.

Religions have their own sets of beliefs, duties, and rituals that followers are expected to observe faithfully. It is hardly surprising, then, that English has the expression be religious about , meaning to do something with unfailing consistency, discipline, or dedication. Thus, "Some agents are religious about making sure the offer..." ( The Boston Globe , 24 July 2021, US). Likewise, "When drying wet hair, be religious about it." ( The Standard , 1 July 2022, UK). Spanish has a close equivalent: religiosamente . "Se lava el pelo todos los días religiosamente."